长鼓舞应该是江华瑶族最有特色的代表之一
今天就让江小华为大家详细地介绍一下长鼓舞
南宋绍兴二年
(1132)五月三日
有瑶族长鼓历史记载
1951年和
1954年国庆节
多位江华瑶族长鼓艺术家先后应邀进京表演，在人民大会堂受到党和国家领导人的接见。
1982年9月
第二届全国少数民族传 统体育运动会上瑶族 长鼓艺术家应邀表演
2001年
被誉为江华“长鼓王”的李根普老人应邀中央三台登台献艺
瑶族长鼓已有800多年历史，为群众喜闻乐见，易于流传。因此，在节日、婚事、宗教、丧葬等各种场合，有歌有舞，热闹非常。长鼓舞不仅是瑶族人民生产生活在艺术上的真实写照。而且在瑶学、民族学、民俗学研究员等方面具有重要的艺术价值、历史价值和经济价值。可以说，瑶族长鼓舞在促进江华经济发展、社会进步、民族团结等方面发挥了极为重要的作用。但由于各种原因，长鼓舞目前正处于濒临失传的境况。因此，加强对长鼓舞的抢救和保护已迫在眉捷。
The long drum of Yao nationality has a history of more than 800 years, which is popular among the masses and easy to spread. Therefore, in festivals, weddings, religions, funerals and other occasions, there are songs and dances, which are very lively. Long drum dance is not only the true portrayal of Yao people’s production and life in art. Moreover, it has important artistic value, historical value and economic value in Yao studies, ethnology, folklore researchers, etc. It can be said that the Yao long drum has played an extremely important role in promoting the economic development, social progress and national unity of Jianghua. But for various reasons, Changqi is on the verge of being lost. Therefore, it is imperative to strengthen the rescue and protection of Changqi.
长鼓舞分“单人舞”、“双人舞”、“群舞”等类型。它有72套表演程式,而每一套又分“起堂”、“移堂”等若干动物细节。其动作特征是粗犷、勇猛、奔放、刚强、雄劲、彪悍、洒脱。不管是跳、跃、蹲、挫或旋转、翻扑、大蹦、仰腾等动态，都表现了瑶族人民热情奔放、坚强勇敢的性格特征。
Long drum dance can be divided into “single dance”, “double dance” and “group dance”. It has 72 sets of performance programs, each of which is divided into several animal details such as “starting” and “moving”. Its movement characteristic is rough, brave, unrestrained, strong, vigorous, brave, free and easy. Whether it’s dancing, jumping, squatting, tumbling or rotating, tumbling, jumping, and yangteng, it shows the characteristics of the Yao people’s enthusiasm, boldness and bravery.
长鼓按其形状分小、中、大三种。小长鼓亦称短鼓，长约70—90厘米，鼓腰直径为4—5厘米，两端鼓面直径为8—10厘米；中长鼓亦称长腰鼓或黄泥鼓，长约110—130厘米，鼓腰直径约15—20厘米，两端鼓面直径约25—30厘米；大长鼓亦称赛鼓，长约 180—200厘米，鼓腰直径约20—25厘米，两端鼓面直径约30—40厘米。
According to its shape, the long drum can be divided into three types: small, medium and large. The small long drum is also called the short drum, which is about 70-90cm in length, 4-5cm in waist diameter, and 8-10cm in surface diameter at both ends; the medium long drum is also called the long waist drum or Huangni drum, which is about 110-130cm in length, 15-20cm in waist diameter, and 25-30cm in surface diameter at both ends; the large long drum is also called the match drum, which is about 180-200cm, drum waist diameter is about 20-25cm, drum surface diameter at both ends is about 30-40cm.
鼓通常用沙桐木作材料，牛、羊皮蒙鼓面。1.2米左右长,中间小,两头大,其中一头又略大三分之一。木心挖空,两头喇叭蒙上精制过的黄羊皮,然后用6至8条染色麻绳拉紧两头黄羊皮,再涂上红、黄、白等色彩,绘上龙凤图案,美化鼓身。跳舞时，舞者用一条彩带绑着两头“鼓颈”，挂在肩上，横于腰间，右手使掌、左手持竹片分别击鼓，随着音乐节拍长鼓舞是哪个民族的舞蹈，即发出“唪啪唪梆”的铿锵之声。如果4人以上击鼓,随着音乐节拍,即发出“噼啪蓬平”的浑厚激昂之声。若配之牛角、芒锣、唢呐伴奏，则如古代列队排阵厮杀，鼓角喧天，山鸣谷应，振奋人心。
Gutong is usually made of Jatropha wood and covered with cow and sheep skin。 It’s about 1。2m long, small in the middle and big at both ends, one of which is slightly larger by one third。 The wood core is hollowed out, the two horns are covered with the refined yellow sheepskin, and then the two yellow sheepskins are tightened with 6 to 8 dyed hemp ropes, then painted with red, yellow, white and other colors, and painted with dragon and phoenix patterns to beautify the drum body。 When dancing, the dancers tie two “drum necks” with a ribbon, hang them on their shoulders, cross their waists, and use their right hands to beat the drums with bamboo pieces in their hands and left hands respectively。
With the music rhythm, they make a “bang Bang。 If more than four people beat the drum, the sound of “crackling and flattening” will be heard with the music。 If it is accompanied by oxhorn, mangluo and suona, it will be like the ancient battle in line。 The drums are loud and the mountains are singing and the valleys are echoing。
长鼓的击鼓动作大多是表现生产、生活内容，如建房造屋、犁田种地、摹仿禽兽动作等，形象生动，富有生活气息。击鼓有文打武打之分。文打动作柔和缓慢，武打粗犷豪放；有２人对打、４人对打，也可大群人围成圆圈打，气氛热烈，鼓声洪亮。
长鼓舞大部分反映瑶家人的生产斗争和生活习俗,反映了瑶胞的思想感情和理想愿望,具有瑶族独特的风格。在表演形式和程式上，都充分表现瑶胞的性格特征和气质。舞蹈的动作粗犷、勇猛、奔放、雄劲、洒脱；节奏明快、敏捷。舞蹈语汇模仿上山落岭、过溪越谷、伐树运木、斗龙伏虎等等，形象生动，一看就懂。瑶族舞蹈几乎全是群众性、广场性的，并且都有一定的道具，如长鼓、花鼓、牛角、阳伞等，构成本民族的风格，为群众喜闻乐见，易于流传。因此，在节日、婚事、宗教、丧葬等各种场合，有歌有舞，热闹非常。
瑶族长鼓舞属于喜庆舞蹈。瑶家逢“过新年”、农历十月十六“耍歌堂”等传统节日，或是喜庆丰收，恭贺新婚等喜庆场合，青年歌贵们即兴而跳长鼓舞是哪个民族的舞蹈，一呼百应，龙腾虎跃，气势磅礴，实在壮观。
瑶族打长鼓大多在农历三月三、六月六、八月十五、十月十六日举行。尤以十月十六日瑶族“盘王节”最为盛行。“还盘王愿”三年一小愿，十二年一大愿；小愿打长鼓三天三夜，大愿则打七天七夜。中华人民共和国成立以前，此类活动由同姓宗族组织进行。中华人民共和国成立后，则以村为单位组织，而且不限于上述节日，国庆节、春节或庆贺丰收时，均可打长鼓。
由于瑶族进入江华地区的时间差异和所处地理环境不同等原因，便演变出多种形式的长鼓舞：盘古长鼓舞、芦笙长鼓舞、羊角短鼓舞、锣笙长鼓舞等。
盘古长鼓舞流传于江华瑶族自治县蔚竹口一带，是祭祀盘王“还愿”仪式中所跳的一段舞蹈。除邀请两名长鼓手外，还请四名歌手（男女各二人）伴唱《盘古歌》，歌舞曲是瑶族的“拉华”。整个“还愿”仪式分“1”、“落马”、“开天门”、“点兵”、“诉师”、“分段”、“除苗”、“围愿”等段，盘古长鼓舞只在“1”和“围愿”中表演，有锣鼓伴奏，舞步舒缓、持重。
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互动时间
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下列选项不属于瑶族长鼓舞的是:
长鼓舞
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瑶族长鼓舞有几套表演程式
本期江小华为大家详细地介绍了江华的象征之一———长鼓舞，你对长鼓舞有什么看法和感受呢？快来与江小华分享分享吧！
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